Lists#
Learning Objectives#
At the end of this lesson you will be able to:
Identify and explain some simple data structures, including lists.
Understand what lists are used for.
Store multiple values in a list, and change these later.
Append values to an existing list.
Create and manipulate nested lists.
Key points#
“
[value1, value2, value3, ...]creates a list.”“Lists can contain any Python object, including lists (i.e., list of lists).”
“Lists are indexed and sliced with square brackets (e.g., list[0] and list[2:9]), in the same way as strings and arrays.”
“Lists are mutable (i.e., their values can be changed in place).”
“Strings are immutable (i.e., the characters in them cannot be changed).”
Python lists#
Lists are a data structure in Python that can contain a changeable (or mutable) sequence of elements. These elements can be values or other variables.
We create a list by putting values inside square brackets and separating the values with commas:
odds = [1, 3, 5, 7]
print('odds are:', odds)
odds are: [1, 3, 5, 7]
We can access elements of a list using indices – numbered positions of elements in the list. These positions are numbered starting at 0, so the first element has an index of 0.
print('first element:', odds[0])
print('last element:', odds[3])
print('"-1" element:', odds[-1])
first element: 1
last element: 7
"-1" element: 7
Yes, we can use negative numbers as indices in Python. When we do so, the index -1 gives us the last element in the list, -2 the second to last, and so on. Because of this, odds[3] and odds[-1] point to the same element here.
There is one important difference between lists and strings: we can change the values in a list, but we cannot change individual characters in a string. For example:
names = ['Curie', 'Darwing', 'Turing'] # typo in Darwin's name
print('names is originally:', names)
names[1] = 'Darwin' # correct the name
print('final value of names:', names)
names is originally: ['Curie', 'Darwing', 'Turing']
final value of names: ['Curie', 'Darwin', 'Turing']
works, but, the following code would not:
#name = 'Darwin'
#name[0] = 'd'
Ch-Ch-Ch-Ch-Changes#
Data which can be modified in place is called mutable, while data which cannot be modified is called immutable. Strings and numbers are immutable. This does not mean that variables with string or number values are constants, but when we want to change the value of a string or number variable, we can only replace the old value with a completely new value. Lists and arrays, on the other hand, are mutable: we can modify them after they have been created. We can change individual elements, append new elements, or reorder the whole list. For some operations, like sorting, we can choose whether to use a function that modifies the data in-place or a function that returns a modified copy and leaves the original unchanged.
Be careful when modifying data in-place. If two variables refer to the same list, and you modify the list value, it will change for both variables!
salsa = ['peppers', 'onions', 'cilantro', 'tomatoes']
my_salsa = salsa # <-- my_salsa and salsa point to the *same* list data in memory
salsa[0] = 'hot peppers'
print('Ingredients in my salsa:', my_salsa)
Ingredients in my salsa: ['hot peppers', 'onions', 'cilantro', 'tomatoes']
If you want variables with mutable values to be independent, you must make a copy of the value when you assign it.
salsa = ['peppers', 'onions', 'cilantro', 'tomatoes']
my_salsa = list(salsa) # <-- makes a *copy* of the list
salsa[0] = 'hot peppers'
print('Ingredients in my salsa:', my_salsa)
Ingredients in my salsa: ['peppers', 'onions', 'cilantro', 'tomatoes']
Because of pitfalls like this, code which modifies data in place can be more difficult to understand. However, it is often far more efficient to modify a large data structure in place than to create a modified copy for every small change. You should consider both of these aspects when writing your code.
Nested Lists#
Since a list can contain any Python variables, it can even contain other lists. For example, we could represent the products in the shelves of a small grocery shop:
x = [['pepper', 'zucchini', 'onion'],
['cabbage', 'lettuce', 'garlic'],
['apple', 'pear', 'banana']]
Using the previously declared list x, these would be the results of the index operations shown in the image:
print([x[0]])
[['pepper', 'zucchini', 'onion']]
print(x[0][0])
pepper
Heterogeneous Lists#
Lists in Python can contain elements of different types. Example:
sample_ages = [10, 12.5, 'Unknown']
There are many ways to change the contents of lists besides assigning new values to individual elements:
odds.append(11)
print('odds after adding a value:', odds)
odds after adding a value: [1, 3, 5, 7, 11]
removed_element = odds.pop(0)
print('odds after removing the first element:', odds)
print('removed_element:', removed_element)
odds after removing the first element: [3, 5, 7, 11]
removed_element: 1
odds.reverse()
print('odds after reversing:', odds)
odds after reversing: [11, 7, 5, 3]
While modifying in place, it is useful to remember that Python treats lists in a slightly counter-intuitive way. As we saw earlier, when we modified the salsa list item in-place, if we make a list, (attempt to) copy it and then modify this list, we can cause all sorts of trouble. This also applies to modifying the list using the above functions:
odds = [3, 5, 7]
primes = odds
primes.append(2)
print('primes:', primes)
print('odds:', odds)
primes: [3, 5, 7, 2]
odds: [3, 5, 7, 2]
This is because Python stores a list in memory, and then can use multiple names to refer to the same list. If all we want to do is copy a (simple) list, we can again use the list function, so we do not modify a list we did not mean to:
odds = [3, 5, 7]
primes = list(odds)
primes.append(2)
print('primes:', primes)
print('odds:', odds)
primes: [3, 5, 7, 2]
odds: [3, 5, 7]
Subsets of lists and strings can be accessed by specifying ranges of values in brackets, similar to how we accessed ranges of positions in a NumPy array. This is commonly referred to as “slicing” the list/string.
binomial_name = 'Drosophila melanogaster'
group = binomial_name[0:10]
print('group:', group)
species = binomial_name[11:23]
print('species:', species)
chromosomes = ['X', 'Y', '2', '3', '4']
autosomes = chromosomes[2:5]
print('autosomes:', autosomes)
last = chromosomes[-1]
print('last:', last)
group: Drosophila
species: melanogaster
autosomes: ['2', '3', '4']
last: 4
Slicing From the End#
Use slicing to access only the last four characters of a string or entries of a list.
string_for_slicing = 'Observation date: 02-Feb-2013'
list_for_slicing = [['fluorine', 'F'],
['chlorine', 'Cl'],
['bromine', 'Br'],
['iodine', 'I'],
['astatine', 'At']]
Would your solution work regardless of whether you knew beforehand the length of the string or list (e.g. if you wanted to apply the solution to a set of lists of different lengths)? If not, try to change your approach to make it more robust. Hint: Remember that indices can be negative as well as positive
Solution
Use negative indices to count elements from the end of a container (such as list or string):
string_for_slicing[-4:]
list_for_slicing[-4:]
Non-Continuous Slices#
So far we’ve seen how to use slicing to take single blocks of successive entries from a sequence. But what if we want to take a subset of entries that aren’t next to each other in the sequence? You can achieve this by providing a third argument to the range within the brackets, called the step size. The example below shows how you can take every third entry in a list:
primes = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37]
subset = primes[0:12:3]
print('subset', subset)
subset [2, 7, 17, 29]
Notice that the slice taken begins with the first entry in the range, followed by entries taken at equally-spaced intervals (the steps) thereafter. If you wanted to begin the subset with the third entry, you would need to specify that as the starting point of the sliced range:
primes = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37]
subset = primes[2:12:3]
print('subset', subset)
subset [5, 13, 23, 37]
Use the step size argument to create a new string that contains only every other character in the string “In an octopus’s garden in the shade”. Start with creating a variable to hold the string:
beatles = "In an octopus's garden in the shade"
What slice of beatles will produce the following output (i.e., the first character, third character, and every other character through the end of the string)?
Solution
To obtain every other character you need to provide a slice with the step size of 2:
beatles[0:35:2]
You can also leave out the beginning and end of the slice to take the whole string and provide only the step argument to go every second element:
beatles[::2]
'I notpssgre ntesae'
If you want to take a slice from the beginning of a sequence, you can omit the first index in the range:
date = 'Monday 4 January 2016'
day = date[0:6]
print('Using 0 to begin range:', day)
day = date[:6]
print('Omitting beginning index:', day)
Using 0 to begin range: Monday
Omitting beginning index: Monday
Using 0 to begin range: Monday Omitting beginning index: Monday
And similarly, you can omit the ending index in the range to take a slice to the very end of the sequence:
months = ['jan', 'feb', 'mar', 'apr', 'may', 'jun', 'jul', 'aug', 'sep', 'oct', 'nov', 'dec']
sond = months[8:12]
print('With known last position:', sond)
sond = months[8:len(months)]
print('Using len() to get last entry:', sond)
sond = months[8:]
print('Omitting ending index:', sond)
With known last position: ['sep', 'oct', 'nov', 'dec']
Using len() to get last entry: ['sep', 'oct', 'nov', 'dec']
Omitting ending index: ['sep', 'oct', 'nov', 'dec']
Overloading#
+ usually means addition, but when used on strings or lists, it means “concatenate”. Given that, what do you think the multiplication operator * does on lists? In particular, what will be the output of the following code?
counts = [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
repeats = counts * 2
print(repeats)
[2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
The technical term for this is operator overloading: a single operator, like + or *, can do different things depending on what it’s applied to.
Solution
The multiplication operator * used on a list replicates elements of the list and concatenates them together: