Loops

Learning Objectives

At the end of this lesson you will be able to:

• Identify what a for loop is

• Understand how a for loop can be used to perform operations on a number of values

• Write some simple loops to perform repeat calculations

• Investigate what is happening to variables as a for loop progresses

Key points

• “Use for variable in sequence to process the elements of a sequence one at a time.”

• “The body of a for loop must be indented.”

• “Use len(thing) to determine the length of something that contains other values.”

Introduction to loops

odds = [1, 3, 5, 7]

In Python, a list is basically an ordered collection of elements, and every element has a unique number associated with it — its index. This means that we can access elements in a list using their indices. For example, we can get the first number in the list odds, by using odds[0]. One way to print each number is to use four print statements:

print(odds[0])
print(odds[1])
print(odds[2])
print(odds[3])

1
3
5
7

This is a bad approach for three reasons:

1. Not scalable. Imagine you need to print a list that has hundredsof elements. It might be easier to type them in manually.

2. Difficult to maintain. If we want to decorate each printed element with an asterisk or any other character, we would have to change four lines of code. While this might not be a problem for small lists, it would definitely be a problem for longer ones.

3. Fragile. If we use it with a list that has more elements than what we initially envisioned, it will only display part of the list’s elements. A shorter list, on the other hand, will cause an error because it will be trying to display elements of the list that do not exist.

odds = [1, 3, 5]
print(odds[0])
print(odds[1])
print(odds[2])

# The following code statement would cause an error, why do you think it will?
#print(odds[3])

1
3
5

Here’s a better approach: a for loop. This is shorter — certainly shorter than something that prints every number in a hundred-number list — and more robust as well:

odds = [1, 3, 5, 7]
for num in odds:
    print(num)

1
3
5
7

The improved version uses a for loop to repeat an operation — in this case, printing — once for each thing in a sequence. The general form of a loop is:

Using the odds example above, the loop might look like this:

where each number (num) in the variable odds is looped through and printed one number after another. The other numbers in the diagram denote which loop cycle the number was printed in (1 being the first loop cycle, and 6 being the final loop cycle).

We can call the loop variable anything we like, but there must be a colon at the end of the line starting the loop, and we must indent anything we want to run inside the loop. Unlike many other languages, there is no command to signify the end of the loop body (e.g. end for); what is indented after the for statement belongs to the loop.

What’s in a name?

In the example above, the loop variable was given the name num as a mnemonic; it is short for ‘number’. We can choose any name we want for variables. We might just as easily have chosen the name banana for the loop variable, as long as we use the same name when we invoke the variable inside the loop:

odds = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11]
for banana in odds:
   print(banana)

1
3
5
7
9
11

It is a good idea to choose variable names that are meaningful, otherwise it would be more difficult to understand what the loop is doing.

Here’s another loop that repeatedly updates a variable:

length = 0
names = ['Curie', 'Darwin', 'Turing']
for value in names:
    length = length + 1
print('There are', length, 'names in the list.')

There are 3 names in the list.

It’s worth tracing the execution of this little program step by step. Since there are three names in names, the statement on line 4 will be executed three times. The first time around, length is zero (the value assigned to it on line 1) and value is Curie. The statement adds 1 to the old value of length, producing 1, and updates length to refer to that new value. The next time around, value is Darwin and length is 1, so length is updated to be 2. After one more update, length is 3; since there is nothing left in names for Python to process, the loop finishes and the print function on line 5 tells us our final answer.

Note that a loop variable is a variable that is being used to record progress in a loop. It still exists after the loop is over, and we can re-use variables previously defined as loop variables as well:

name = 'Rosalind'
for name in ['Curie', 'Darwin', 'Turing']:
    print(name)
print('after the loop, name is', name)

Curie
Darwin
Turing
after the loop, name is Turing

Note also that finding the length of an object is such a common operation, that Python actually has a built-in function to do it called len:

print(len([0, 1, 2, 3]))

4

len is much faster than any function we could write ourselves, and much easier to read than a two-line loop; it will also give us the length of many other things that we haven’t met yet, so we should always use it when we can.

From 1 to N

Python has a built-in function called range that generates a sequence of numbers. range can accept 1, 2, or 3 parameters.

• If one parameter is given, range generates a sequence of that length, starting at zero and incrementing by 1. For example, range(3) produces the numbers 0, 1, 2.

• If two parameters are given, range starts at the first and ends just before the second, incrementing by one. For example, range(2, 5) produces 2, 3, 4.

• If range is given 3 parameters, it starts at the first one, ends just before the second one, and increments by the third one.For example, range(3, 10, 2) produces 3, 5, 7, 9. Using range, write a loop that uses range to print the first 3 natural numbers:

for number in range(1, 4):
    print(number)

1
2
3

Understanding the loops

Given the following loop:

word = 'oxygen'
for char in word:
    print(char)

o
x
y
g
e
n

Computing Powers With Loops

Exponentiation is built into Python:

print(5 ** 3)

125

Write a loop that calculates the same result as 5 ** 3 using multiplication (and without exponentiation).

Solution

result = 1 for number in range(0, 3): result = result * 5 print(result)

Summing a list

Write a loop that calculates the sum of elements in a list by adding each element and printing the final value, so [124, 402, 36] prints 562.

Solution

numbers = [124, 402, 36] summed = 0 for num in numbers: summed = summed + num print(summed)

Computing the Value of a Polynomial

The built-in function enumerate takes a sequence (e.g. a list and generates a new sequence of the same length. Each element of the new sequence is a pair composed of the index (0, 1, 2,…) and the value from the original sequence:

#for idx, val in enumerate(a_list):
    # Do something using idx and val

The code above loops through a_list, assigning the index to idx and the value to val. Suppose you have encoded a polynomial as a list of coefficients in the following way: the first element is the constant term, the second element is the coefficient of the linear term, the third is the coefficient of the quadratic term, etc.

x = 5
coefs = [2, 4, 3]
y = coefs[0] * x**0 + coefs[1] * x**1 + coefs[2] * x**2
print(y)

97

Write a loop using enumerate(coefs) which computes the value y of any polynomial, given x and coefs.

Solution

y = 0
for idx, coef in enumerate(coefs):
    y = y + coef * x**idx

Counting Vowels

1. Write a loop that counts the number of vowels in a character string.

2. Test it on a few individual words and full sentences.

3. Once you are done, compare your solution to your neighbor’s. Did you make the same decisions about how to handle the letter ‘y’ (which some people think is a vowel, and some do not)?

Solution

vowels = 'aeiouAEIOU'
sentence = 'Mary had a little lamb.'
count = 0
for char in sentence:
if char in vowels:
    count += 1
print('The number of vowels in this string is ' + str(count))

Summary Quiz